Performance Basics

8 examples to get you started with Performance for Node.js backends - 6 basic and 2 intermediate.

Prerequisites

• Node.js 24.18.0 installed.
• A running HTTP service (Express 5 or Fastify 5) to benchmark against.
• Optional: npm install -g clinic for profiling (see clinic.js Suite).

Basic Examples

1. Measure Request Duration with hrtime

High-resolution timers beat Date.now() for latency measurement.

import { createServer } from "node:http";
 
const server = createServer((req, res) => {
  const start = process.hrtime.bigint();
  res.end("ok");
  const elapsedMs = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1_000_000;
  console.log(JSON.stringify({ path: req.url, durationMs: elapsedMs }));
});
server.listen(3000);

• process.hrtime.bigint() is monotonic - not affected by clock skew.
• Log structured JSON so aggregators can compute p50/p95/p99.
• Handler timing excludes network RTT - pair with load tests for end-to-end SLOs.

Related: Load Testing - saturation and p95 under concurrency

2. Track p95 Latency in Application Code

Percentiles matter more than averages for API SLOs.

const durations: number[] = [];
 
function recordDuration(ms: number): void {
  durations.push(ms);
  if (durations.length > 10_000) durations.shift();
}
 
function p95(): number {
  const sorted = [...durations].sort((a, b) => a - b);
  const idx = Math.ceil(sorted.length * 0.95) - 1;
  return sorted[idx] ?? 0;
}
 
// Expose via /metrics or log every N requests

• Average latency hides slow tail requests that users feel.
• p95 is a common SLO target for internal APIs (p99 for customer-facing).
• In production, export histograms via OpenTelemetry or Prometheus - do not keep arrays in memory long term.

Related: Metrics that Matter - RPS, p95, error rate

3. Monitor Event Loop Delay

Loop lag delays every concurrent client, not just one slow route.

import { monitorEventLoopDelay } from "node:perf_hooks";
 
const histogram = monitorEventLoopDelay({ resolution: 20 });
histogram.enable();
 
setInterval(() => {
  console.log(JSON.stringify({
    event: "loop_delay",
    p99Ms: histogram.percentile(99) / 1e6,
    maxMs: histogram.max / 1e6,
  }));
  histogram.reset();
}, 10_000);

• monitorEventLoopDelay measures how late the loop runs scheduled work.
• Rising p99 loop delay with moderate CPU signals sync blocking on the main thread.
• Alert before user-facing p95 doubles - loop lag is an early warning.

Related: Detecting Event-Loop Blockage - attribution tooling

4. Use performance.mark for Hot Paths

Built-in marks integrate with Chrome DevTools and clinic.js.

import { performance } from "node:perf_hooks";
 
async function fetchUser(id: string) {
  performance.mark("fetchUser:start");
  const user = await db.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [id]);
  performance.mark("fetchUser:end");
  performance.measure("fetchUser", "fetchUser:start", "fetchUser:end");
  return user;
}

• Marks are cheap when used on bounded code paths, not every line.
• performance.getEntriesByName("fetchUser") returns duration arrays for analysis.
• Clear marks periodically in long-running processes to avoid memory growth.

Related: clinic.js Suite - flame graphs for hot paths

5. Baseline Throughput Before Tuning

Know requests-per-second at target concurrency before changing code.

# Quick smoke (not a full load test)
npx autocannon -c 50 -d 10 http://localhost:3000/health

• -c 50 simulates 50 concurrent connections - closer to production than one curl.
• Record RPS, p99 latency, and error rate as your baseline snapshot.
• Re-run after every optimization claim - numbers beat intuition.

Related: Load Testing - k6 scenarios and saturation points

6. Cap Payload Size at the Edge

Large JSON bodies block parsing synchronously on the main thread.

import express from "express";
 
const app = express();
app.use(express.json({ limit: "1mb" }));
 
app.post("/events", (req, res) => {
  // body already bounded - reject oversized at parser
  res.status(201).json({ ok: true });
});

• limit returns 413 before your handler runs - saves CPU on abuse.
• Pair with response shape diet - return only fields clients need.
• Streaming endpoints need different limits than JSON CRUD APIs.

Related: JSON Serialization Cost - response shape diet

Intermediate Examples

7. Production-Like Load Test Script

Sustained concurrency reveals blocks that single requests hide.

// k6 script - save as load-test.js
import http from "k6/http";
import { check, sleep } from "k6";
 
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: "1m", target: 50 },
    { duration: "3m", target: 50 },
    { duration: "1m", target: 0 },
  ],
  thresholds: { http_req_duration: ["p(95)<200"] },
};
 
export default function () {
  const res = http.get("http://localhost:3000/users");
  check(res, { "status is 200": (r) => r.status === 200 });
  sleep(0.1);
}

• Ramp up gradually - instant spike traffic tests the load generator, not your app fairly.
• thresholds fail the run when p95 exceeds 200ms - gate merges on regression.
• Run against staging with production-like data volume and connection pool sizes.

Related: Performance on Express - Express tuning under load

8. Heap Snapshot When Memory Grows

Suspected leaks need evidence before tuning --max-old-space-size.

import { writeHeapSnapshot } from "node:v8";
import { writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
 
function captureHeap(label: string): void {
  const path = writeHeapSnapshot();
  writeFileSync(`/tmp/heap-${label}.json`, ""); // marker file
  console.log(JSON.stringify({ event: "heap_snapshot", label, path }));
}
 
// Call on SIGUSR2 or after N requests in staging
process.on("SIGUSR2", () => captureHeap("manual"));

• Compare two snapshots in Chrome DevTools to find retained objects.
• Do not snapshot production under traffic - pauses the process.
• Fix leaks before raising heap limits - bigger heaps delay GC pain, not root cause.

Related: Memory & GC Tuning - --max-old-space-size and GC flags

Related

External Related Links

• Node.js API Documentation - Complete reference for core modules and APIs.
• Node.js Learn Guides - Official learning path.
• Node.js Best Practices (GitHub) - Curated production best practices.
• Node.js the Right Way - Server-side JavaScript fundamentals.
• Node.js Design Patterns, 4th Edition - Production-grade application patterns.

Stack versions: This page was written for Node.js 24.18.0 (Active LTS), npm 10+, TypeScript 5.6+, Express 5, Fastify 5, and NestJS 11.