PM2 & systemd

Supervise Node.js 24 processes on VMs with PM2 or systemd when you are not on Kubernetes or Fargate.

Recipe

Quick-reference recipe card - copy-paste ready.

# /etc/systemd/system/api.service
[Unit]
Description=Node API
After=network.target
 
[Service]
Type=simple
User=nodeapp
WorkingDirectory=/opt/api
Environment=NODE_ENV=production
Environment=PORT=3000
ExecStart=/usr/bin/node dist/main.js
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
KillSignal=SIGTERM
TimeoutStopSec=30
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

When to reach for this: Bare EC2, on-prem VMs, or legacy deploy paths. Prefer containers + orchestrator for new services.

Working Example

systemd Unit

[Unit]
Description=Acme API (Node 24)
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
 
[Service]
User=nodeapp
Group=nodeapp
WorkingDirectory=/opt/api/current
EnvironmentFile=/etc/acme/api.env
ExecStart=/usr/bin/node --max-old-space-size=512 dist/main.js
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
KillMode=mixed
KillSignal=SIGTERM
TimeoutStopSec=45
LimitNOFILE=65535
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable api
sudo systemctl start api
sudo journalctl -u api -f

# Deploy new release
sudo -u nodeapp ln -sfn /opt/api/releases/20260709-abc123 /opt/api/current
sudo systemctl restart api

PM2 Ecosystem

// ecosystem.config.cjs
module.exports = {
  apps: [
    {
      name: "api",
      cwd: "/opt/api/current",
      script: "dist/main.js",
      instances: 2,
      exec_mode: "cluster",
      env: {
        NODE_ENV: "production",
        PORT: 3000,
      },
      max_memory_restart: "600M",
      kill_timeout: 30_000,
      listen_timeout: 10_000,
      merge_logs: true,
      log_date_format: "YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss Z",
    },
  ],
};

pm2 start ecosystem.config.cjs
pm2 save
pm2 startup systemd -u nodeapp --hp /home/nodeapp

What this demonstrates:

• systemd: single process, journald logs, env file for secrets
• PM2: cluster mode on one VM (use when not containerized)
• Symlink current release directory for atomic deploy switch
• KillSignal=SIGTERM and kill_timeout align with graceful shutdown

Deep Dive

systemd vs PM2

PM2 Reload (Cluster)

pm2 reload api

Starts new workers before killing old (similar to rolling update). Requires app to handle SIGINT/SIGTERM - Graceful Shutdown.

Environment Files

# /etc/acme/api.env (chmod 600, root:nodeapp)
NODE_ENV=production
PORT=3000
DATABASE_URL=postgres://...

Never world-readable secret files. Prefer SSM agent pulling secrets at boot on AWS VMs.

Reverse Proxy

Internet -> nginx (TLS) -> localhost:3000 (Node)

nginx handles TLS and request buffering; Node binds localhost only if desired.

Gotchas

• PM2 inside Docker/K8s - double supervision fights platform signals. Fix: one node process per container.
• Running as root - security risk. Fix: dedicated nodeapp user with filesystem ownership.
• No TimeoutStopSec - systemd sends SIGKILL at default 90s inconsistently. Fix: explicit 30-45s matching app shutdown.
• pm2 startup forgotten after reboot - service down after instance recycle. Fix: pm2 save after startup setup.
• Cluster mode + in-memory state - broken sessions across workers. Fix: sticky sessions at nginx or external session store.
• Deploy without symlink atomicity - half-written dist/. Fix: release dirs + ln -sfn swap.

Alternatives

FAQs

Related

• Graceful Shutdown - SIGTERM handling
• Runtime Ops Basics - supervision model
• Zero-Downtime Deploys - PM2 reload pattern
• Platform Deploy Basics - why orchestrators replace PM2
• Runtime Ops Best Practices - section checklist

External Related Links

• Node.js Best Practices (GitHub) - Curated production best practices.
• DigitalOcean Node.js Tutorials - Production-oriented how-tos.
• npm Official Website & Registry - Package search, publishing, and documentation.
• Node.js Cookbook, 5th Edition - Practical server-side recipes.
• Distributed Systems with Node.js - Enterprise-ready distributed systems.

Stack versions: This page was written for Node.js 24.18.0 (Active LTS), npm 10+, TypeScript 5.6+, Express 5, Fastify 5, and NestJS 11.